Brain Pathol. Bond, J. Nature Genet. Hong, S. Autosomal recessive lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia is associated with human RELN mutations. Serag, A. Construction of a consistent high-definition spatio-temporal atlas of the developing brain using adaptive kernel regression. NeuroImage 59 , — The human pattern in gyrification in the cerebral cortex. Download references. Weaver for help with 3D printing. This work was supported by the Academy of Finland T.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Tuomas Tallinen or L. Reprints and Permissions. On the growth and form of cortical convolutions. Nature Phys 12, — Download citation. Received : 27 September Accepted : 09 December Published : 01 February Issue Date : June Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.
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Abstract The rapid growth of the human cortex during development is accompanied by the folding of the brain into a highly convoluted structure 1 , 2 , 3. Main The convoluted shape of the human cerebral cortex is the result of gyrification that begins after mid-gestation 1 , 2 Fig.
Figure 1: Physical mimic and numerical simulation of tangential cortical expansion. Full size image. Figure 2: Sectional views of model brains during convolutional development. Figure 3: Mechanical stress orients convolutions. Figure 4: Comparison of real and simulated folding patterns. References 1 Griffiths, P. Google Scholar 2 Girard, N. Google Scholar 3 Armstrong, E. Article Google Scholar 4 Sun, T. Article Google Scholar 5 Lui, J. Google Scholar 6 Bae, B.
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Article Google Scholar 26 Todd, P. Article Google Scholar 28 Li, K. Article Google Scholar 29 Biot, M. Witelson et al. Finally, Jung et al. Comparable findings exist from previous analyses, where frontal lobe NAA was related to verbal ability in women but not in men Pfleiderer et al. Although research findings from different laboratories and across different samples provide powerful evidence for gender-specific relationships between cognitive performance and underlying morphological substrates, we observed that the magnitude and direction of the correlation were similar in men and women within the medial temporo-occipital lobe.
That is, both groups showed positive associations between intelligence and convolution in both hemispheres, with larger effects in the LH compared with the RH. Google Scholar. Google Preview. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
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Eileen Luders , Eileen Luders. Oxford Academic. Katherine L. Robert M. Philip R. Mala N. Liberty Hamilton. Arthur W. Christian Gaser. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Table 1 Group-specific means, standard deviations SD , and significance values of gender differences in age and intelligence measures. Open in new tab. As described previously Gaser et al.
Mean curvature T curvature at a given point is defined as. Open in new tab Download slide. Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Controlling the False Discovery Rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing.
Do Carmo. Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands. Prenatal formation of cortical input and development of cytoarchitectonic compartments in the neostriatum of the rhesus monkey.
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Sex differences in N-acetylaspartate correlates of general intelligence: an 1H-MRS study of normal human brain. A curvature-based approach to estimate local gyrification on the cortical surface. A method for identifying geometrically simple surfaces from three dimensional images. PhD thesis,. Multiple surface identification and matching in magnetic resonance imaging. Intracranial capacity and brain volumes are associated with cognition in healthy elderly men.
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Cortical thinning in cingulate and occipital cortices in first episode schizophrenia. Mota had recognized that the same model that predicted the degree of brain convolution also explained the crumpling of paper balls. To see their results you can run essentially the same experiment as the experimenters conducted using four sheets of paper. First, take one sheet, crumple it hard, and set it down. The paper should expand slightly as it releases some energy but eventually it will settle in a crumpled form.
To get a feel for this concept, Mota suggests imagining dropping a ball in a bowl. The ball will settle at the bottom of the bowl, the position of least effective free energy where the ball can remain with least effort. Like crumpled paper, a folded brain will not stray from this new stable state.
Thicker paper leads to fewer folds, and the same is true of brains. Take the remaining three sheets of paper and crumple them as one sheet. Likewise, thicker cortices fold less and end up with less cortical material hiding below the surface. The crumpled paper model also reveals that a larger surface area led to more folding.
The results indicate that as the developing brain grows, the thickness and surface area of tissue at the time forces are applied to it affect how it folds in response. Inside and outside Although the forces acting on the paper come from a human hand, the forces applied to an actual cortex arise from several places.
Atmospheric pressure applies force outside in as cerebrospinal fluid pushes inside out. There are also pressures exerted by the cells forming the brain as they push outward to grow and expand. To prove the role of physical constraints in the development of folds, the scientists first developed mechanical models by growing shapes similar to that of the brain. The team from Harvard first published the observations from these experiments in It was precisely for this purpose of refining the model, and making it closer to reality, that French scientists joined the team.
His skills in signal processing were then used to extract data from the images. After developing and applying algorithms to correct the movement on the MRI images, the fetal brain can be identified and isolated from the surrounding liquid. After this point, the data can be used as the basis for 3D modeling. The work on the extraction of shapes carried out on fetal MRIs at different stages of prenatal development enabled the scientists to better understand brain development during the gestation period.
This is how the twenty-second week of pregnancy came to be identified as a pivotal period, since it is the moment at which the brain enters a rapid growth phase.
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