Q: Calcium is essential to tree growth because it promotes the formation of wood and maintains cell wal Q: The law of large numbers states that as the number of observations drawn at random from a population A: The answer is "tends to get closer to population mean. Q: Crickets and Temperature A classic application of correlation involves the association between the t A: We have given data of temperature and chirps in 1 min in the given table we have to test that if th Q: Suppose that when a transistor of a certain type is subjected to an accelerated life test, the lifet Q: On a nationwide math test, the mean was 72 and the standard deviation was 7.
If Roberto scored 90, w Q: The accompanying data represent the homework scores for material on Polynomial and Rational Function A: We create class Intervals and count the Frequencies for every class Interval. To find Relative freq Q: a A host on a cruise ship warits systematic sample of passengers?
O The host forms 4 groups of pas A: Q1 Option c is correct. The host takes a list of the passengers and selects every 4th passenger un Q: Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook, announced that he will eat meat only from animals that he Q: 20 randomly selected students were asked the number of movies they watched the previous week.
The re Q: A statistics teacher was interested in the relationship between the number of days students waited t Q: Anita's, a fast-food chain specializing in hot dogs and garlic fries, keeps track of the proportion A: Binomial Distribution : It describes the behavior of a count variable X if it has the following pro Q: A recent article in the paper claims that business ethics are at an all-time low. Reporting on a rec A: Binomial distribution has n independent Bernoulli trial.
Here n is finite and fixed. Each trial resu Q: The following data represent the number of grams of fat in breakfast meals offered at a local fast f A: we need to construct stem-leaf plot. Q: A box contains four sealed envelopes. Q: Use the given sample data to find Q3 given: 49,52,52,52,74,67,55, Q: A researcher wanted to determine the number of televisions in households. A: A Dot Plot is a type of simple histogram-like chart used in statistics for relatively small data set Q: You are getting a line-up ready for a school kickball game.
You have 4 girls and 4 boys. The rules s A: According to the rule the A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve first three subparts for you Q: Akiko Hamaguchi is a manager at a small sushi restaurant in Phoenix, Arizona. But the SMA will need to review your case at a later date. At a review, the SMA can confirm that their original decision about your condition was correct, or change it.
If the SMA recommends an increase to your pension, it will be backdated to the date of the review. You can appeal a decision to change a provisional award. There are time limits if you want to appeal, and you will normally need some new medical evidence to support your case.
An upper tier pension will be reviewed regularly by the SMA, at least every five years. The reviews stop once you reach your alpha NPA. If your health improves and you no longer meet the conditions for an upper tier pension, it will be changed to the lower tier. If you want to claim a preserved pension early due to ill-health, you can as long as you are over the minimum pension age.
This will be under the usual payment rules, and your pension will include an early payment reduction if it is claimed before your NPA.
If you are terminally ill with a limited life expectancy, of less than 12 months, you can access your benefits as a one-off payment at any age. If your doctors confirm, and the SMA agrees, that you have a life expectancy of less than 12 months, you can apply to exchange all of your pension benefits for a one-off lump sum. You must make the request before you receive any pension payments, this means if you are already retired and claiming your pension, you cannot apply to receive this one-off payment.
The payment is five times your annual pension, and if you take it you will not get any further annual pension. The pensions that can be paid to your dependants are unaffected by your choice. The total amount of pension and lump sum that you get may be higher if you do not opt for these terms. If you are a re-employed pensioner or partially retired, the lump sum will not include any pension that you are already getting.
If this section applies to you, please read it carefully to understand what happens to both parts of your pension if you retire on ill-health.
Ill-health retirement when you have banked service from one of the final salary schemes classic, classic plus, or premium or banked pension benefits from nuvos follows the same process. Depending on what section your PCSPS benefits are in, your pensionable earnings or final pensionable earnings are used with your banked service to work out the PCSPS part of your pension.
It includes any increases based on prices that were added to your banked benefits since you joined alpha. You receive a payment equal to the classic, classic plus, premium, or nuvos part of your pension with the alpha part. Like the alpha part, it is not reduced for early payment if you are granted ill-health retirement. The amount you get is not increased or enhanced in any way, but it will be adjusted in line with prices once it is in payment.
Under alpha regulations, classic, classic plus, premium, or nuvos parts of your pension will not be paid when you retire on ill-health. Members with PCSPS parts to their pension get a payment equal to the value of their classic, classic plus, premium, or nuvos pension paid to them.
If you have not reached the Normal Pension Age in classic, classic plus, premium, or nuvos you could still choose to transfer out that part of your pension. But if you do, the payment you are receiving in respect of those benefits will stop, meaning the overall amount of pension that you get will reduce to just the alpha part of your benefits. If you are a deferred member and you have a preserved pension, claiming your pension starts by contacting the Scheme Administrator MyCSP.
If you are retiring as an active member, you should contact your employer at least four months before the date you are thinking of retiring.
This allows time for any details to be checked and for you to make your lump sum decisions. When you start the process to claim your pension you will get a quote showing the details of your pension and lump sum. You will also get the following forms that you need to complete and return with the relevant documentation: A personal details form, and a lump sum option form.
Confirmation that we hold your correct marital status, address, and death benefit nominee information. Any lump sum you requested is paid into your account once all the documentation is received and your benefits have been processed.
You should not enter into any financial commitments until you have received the lump sum payment in your bank account. Your maximum lump sum will be shown on any quotes you receive when you start the process of claiming your pension. Not usually. In most circumstances you will get the option to take the maximum lump sum and an ongoing pension. You can choose an amount of lump sum from nil to the maximum. However, there are some very limited circumstances where this can be done.
Where the total value of all of your pension benefits is very low, it may be possible to exchange all of your pension for a lump sum. You can request information on trivial commutation to check if it is an option when you claim your pension. Taking this one-off payment means you will not get any further pension payments. If you have been diagnosed with a limited life expectancy you may be able to exchange your pension for a one-off payment.
There is more information on this in Section 05D — Ill-health retirement. If this section applies to you, please read it carefully to understand your lump sum options from both parts of your pension.
If your PCSPS pension included an automatic lump sum, usually of three times the classic part of your pension, this will be paid when you claim your pension. If your pension was classic plus, the automatic lump sum will only be based on the service you built up while you were in classic up to 30 September You will get the details of the maximum you can exchange when you claim your pension.
Your pension will be lower if you select this option. For a member who has taken a partial retirement and then left and returned before taking their full retirement benefits, being re-employed after taking partial retirement does not have any effect on your alpha pension in payment.
If you are re-employed after full retirement this can affect your pension, depending on how long your break was between the periods of employment.
If you are re-employed within 28 days of the date you retired you are treated as if you did not retire. This means your pension will be cancelled, and the pension and lump sum you may have already received must be repaid. You will become an active member again, and you will still have all the pension you have built up ready to be claimed at a later date.
Abatement is when your pension is reduced because your re-employed pay and your pension are more than the pay you received before claiming your pension. If this section applies to you, please read it carefully to understand the effect of re-employment after retirement on both parts of your pension.
When you take partial retirement or are re-employed after getting your pension, any PCSPS pension that is in payment will be checked with your new earnings to see if any abatement must be applied. Any alpha pension in payment will not be considered when assessing whether abatement applies. This section outlines the main benefits that will be available to your dependants and other people you have nominated when you die. This section provides a guide to some pension information you, or your family could need.
An outline of the benefits available to your family and nominees after you die, how to make a nomination, and who can receive a pension. If you die while you are still an active member of alpha, or when you have a preserved pension, or after you claim your alpha pension, the scheme provides benefits that are paid to your eligible dependants. The lump sum payment is discretionary and although it is likely it will be paid to your nominated beneficiaries, in some circumstances, it may not be.
You should ensure your nomination is kept up to date. You can add or amend your death benefit nomination in the Pension Portal or by completing a death benefit nomination form. You can download the form from the Member Forms page. You can specify what percentage each nominee will get. If you do not have a nominee, any lump sum that is due will be paid to your estate.
This will usually be paid to your personal representative, who is the person responsible for administering your estate.
The Scheme Administrator MyCSP will pay the lump sum to a valid nominee s on most occasions, but there are some cases where a nomination may be invalid. Examples include, if you nominated your spouse or civil partner, but you had legally separated before you died or if your nominee dies before you.
In any cases where a nomination is invalid the Scheme Administrator will usually pay it to your estate through your personal representative. This depends on your circumstances and whether you are an active member, deferred member, or a pensioner. The following sections go into more detail on the amount that could be paid out.
The lump sum can be treated differently depending on who it is paid to. If it is paid to your nominees at the discretion of the Scheme Manager, it does not form part of your estate for inheritance tax purposes. If the lump sum is paid to your estate, it can become liable for inheritance tax, but this depends on the total value of your estate. Your personal representative, the person who deals with your estate after your death, will need to look into this at the time. There is one other thing to consider.
Your personal representative will receive an LTA certificate showing how much of the LTA the lump sum s paid to all of your nominees or estate has used up. If the total of all your pension benefits including death benefit lump sums goes over your LTA limit, the people who receive the lump sums may have to pay a tax charge. Your relationship - If they are not your biological or legally adopted children, you will need to supply some evidence that these children were financially dependent on you.
For example, this could be a guardianship order. Their age - The child must be under age 18, or if they are in full time education or vocational training, under age If their impairment means it is unlikely that they will ever be able to get a job, there is no maximum age limit. This is usually when they are over the age of 18, or over 23 if they are in education or vocational training.
If they are physically or mentally impaired and, in the opinion of the Scheme Medical Adviser SMA , their impairment is permanent, the pension will be paid for life. This depends on your circumstances, for instance if you were an active member, deferred member or a pensioner.
The following sections go into more detail on the amount of pension that could be paid. Pensions are treated as earned income, so can be taxed. When you buy added pension you can choose to buy it for just you or it can include family benefits. If the added pension you bought was for yourself only it will not be included when working out any of the death benefits for your dependants. It you bought added pension with family benefits, it will be included when working out the pensions.
See Section 02 - Taking control of your retirement planning for more information about added pension. If this section applies to you, please read it carefully to understand what benefits are available for your family from both parts of your pension.
The nomination s you have made in the PCSPS will also apply to your alpha benefits if you have not made a new nomination since you moved into alpha. If you made a nomination while in alpha it will override your earlier nomination made while you were in the PCSPS. Your eligible dependants will get a pension based on your alpha pension plus any pension that would be due from your PCSPS pension too.
If you die while you are still an active member of alpha, two benefits can be paid; a lump sum paid to the people you have nominated and pensions for your eligible dependants.
The Scheme Administrator MyCSP will normally pay it to the person, people, or organisation s that you have nominated, but it is paid at the discretion of the Scheme Manager. The lump sum amount is worked out in two ways; and the higher of these two amounts is paid to your nominees. The final pay is usually the pensionable pay you got over the last 12 months ending with your last day of pensionable service, but it can be the pensionable earnings from any of the last 10 full scheme years if this is higher.
Pay that is taken from earlier years is adjusted in line with prices. They receive a percentage of your pension worked out at your date of death. Your earned alpha pension is the pension that comes from your pensionable earnings each year, not from a transferred in pension or any added pension you have bought. This pension amount is multiplied by 10, or the number of years that were left until you would have reached NPA if this is lower or if you are on a fixed term contract, the end of that contract if earlier.
This is then divided by the number of years you were an active member of alpha. If you were buying added pension with benefits for your dependants, they will also receive If your spouse, civil partner, or partner is more than 12 years younger than you, the pension they receive will be reduced.
There are a few things that can change the amount that gets paid as a pension. If this section applies to you, please read it carefully to understand what happens to both parts of your pension if you die in service. For members with banked service in classic or banked benefits in nuvos, the lump sum is worked out in the normal way.
But for members with banked service in classic plus or premium, the death in service lump sum is worked out in a slightly different way.
The higher of the following two calculations determines the amount that is paid to your nominees. For members with banked classic plus and premium service, the multiple used in the first calculation depends on the date you die. This starts as three times your pay on 01 April , and then it is reduced by 0. So on 01 April it is 2. This continues to reduce until 01 April when the multiple reaches and stays as two. There are two benefits that may be available if you have a preserved award: A lump sum, usually paid to your nominee s and pensions for your eligible dependants.
The payment will normally be made to the person, people, or organisation, you have nominated, but it is paid at the discretion of the Scheme Manager.
The total lump sum will be five times your annual pension at your date of death, taking into account any adjustments based on prices. The pension that your dependant will get is equal to If you were buying added pension that included benefits for your dependants, they will also get If your spouse, civil partner, or partner is more than 12 years younger than you, the pension they get will be reduced.
If this section applies to you, please read it carefully to understand what happens to both parts of your pension if you die with a preserved pension. Your eligible dependants will be entitled to benefits from both your preserved alpha and preserved PCSPS benefits.
A lump sum may be payable from the PCSPS part of your pension, worked out using the rules for that scheme. Pensions and lump sums you have already received will affect the amount of lump sum that can be paid. Your eligible dependants will get the pensions from the PCSPS part of your pension, worked out using the rules for that scheme. There are two benefits that may be available when you die after taking your pension, a lump sum, usually paid to your nominee s , and pensions for your eligible dependants.
The payment will normally be made to the person, people, or organisation, you have nominated but it is paid at the discretion of the Scheme Manager. The total lump sum will be five times your annual pension including any adjustments based on prices, minus any pension and lump sum you already received before you died.
This means the amount payable may be nil. If you bought added pension with benefits for your dependants, they will also get If you took ill-health retirement and received an upper tier pension that included an increased alpha pension, your dependants pensions will be worked out using the increased pension you were being paid. If this section applies to you, please read it carefully to understand what happens to both parts of your pension if you die with a pension in payment.
A lump sum can be payable from the PCSPS part of your pension, worked out using the rules for that scheme. This is worked out if you die within five years of taking your pension. There is no time limit like the lump sum payments. It includes a brief overview of the main tax rules that apply to pensions and explains how you might be affected by them. You will also find some guidance on what you can do if you encounter a problem and want to complain, and details of where you can go for advice and information.
This section provides a guide to some other pension information you could need. But it does not cover every aspect of alpha; full details will be set out in the regulations, which are the legal basis of the scheme. You can get tax relief on your pension contributions. Your employer takes your contributions from your pay before working out the tax, so you will automatically receive full income tax relief.
If you have chosen to take a lump sum in exchange for some of your pension, this payment is currently tax-free. Annual Allowance is the maximum value of the growth in your pension savings each year that can benefit from tax relief. If the growth in your pension savings over the tax year are more than the Annual Allowance, you might have to pay a tax charge based on the amount of the Annual Allowance.
The Lifetime Allowance LTA is the limit on the amount of pension benefit s that you can take from all of your registered pension arrangements before you incur a tax charge. In most cases, yes. As well as any pension the member may have already been paid, the lump sum payments made from their pension as a result of their death also count as using part of their LTA. A lump sum may be paid when an active member, a member with a preserved pension or a pensioner dies.
Pensions that are paid to dependants following the death of a member do not count towards the LTA of either the deceased member or the person getting the pension. But any LTA charges must be paid by the person who receives the lump sum. There is more information on the GOV.
This is set by the Government, and is usually linked to your date of birth and gender. Often, a phone call or an email will be enough. If you are dissatisfied with the way your concerns have been handled you may decide to complain to the Scheme Administrator. If the problem is not sorted out to your satisfaction, you can raise your concerns under the Internal Dispute Resolution IDR procedure. This is a statutory process that all occupational pension schemes must have in place.
TPAS is an independent organisation set up to help with sorting out disagreements between scheme members and the administrators or trustees of their scheme. For further information see their website: www. If you have gone through IDR and your complaint has still not been resolved satisfactorily, you can contact the Pensions Ombudsman. For more information see their website: www.
You should contact the provider in the first instance, to see if you can sort out any complaint through their internal complaints procedures. If you are unable to find a resolution this way, you may make a complaint through the Financial Ombudsman Service. This section provides contact details for some organisations that you might need during your time as a scheme member.
Contact details for the providers are shown below. Further information is available on their websites:. Your employer and the Scheme Administrator MyCSP cannot advise you on what you should and should not do with your pension. If you wish to seek financial advice you should contact an Independent Financial Adviser IFA who is registered to advise you on what are the best options for you.
Telephone: Email: enquiries pensions-ombudsman. The Pension Tracing Service provides free help in locating pension providers: www. There are several websites you can visit for more information about the Civil Service pension arrangements and pensions in general. The Civil Service Pensions website: www. Your alpha benefits explained To print this guide click the green 'print this page' tab, above. Section 01 - General information General Information This is your guide to the benefits you may be entitled to as a member of the alpha pension scheme.
This section explains: 01A. An overview of alpha A brief guide to what alpha offers its members. Building up your benefits A guide to how alpha pensions build up. Transferring into alpha A guide to transferring other pensions into the alpha pension scheme. Your other options A guide to the other options available, if alpha is not for you.
What is alpha? Who runs alpha? Where can I see the alpha regulations? Will I join alpha? If I do not join alpha now, can I join at a later date? What do I get as an alpha member? How much do I pay? When can I take my benefits from alpha? What if I take my benefits after my NPA? What happens if I leave alpha? What if I get too ill to work? What benefits are payable if I die?
If I leave can I transfer my alpha pension to another pension scheme? Can I increase my pension? How will my pension be worked out? For example: Anna moves into alpha on 01 April after building up 20 years service in classic.
When Anna moves into alpha, her 20 years of classic service is banked. What is my Normal Pension Age? When can I claim my pension? You can claim your pension after you have left employment, or by taking partial retirement. The earliest you can claim your benefits is your minimum pension age. The minimum pension age in alpha is currently age What earnings are used?
What if I work part-time? What about cost of living increases? What is a transfer in? Are all transfers the same? There are two main types of transfer, a Club transfer and a non-Club transfer. Can I transfer in my previous pension? Is there a limit to non-Club transfers in?
Non-Club transfers can come from any type of eligible scheme. How does a Club transfer in from a final salary scheme work? If I do not want to be in alpha, what are my other options? There are two choices: You can choose the partnership scheme. You can opt out of the pension scheme and choose not to be a member of alpha or the partnership scheme. How do I join partnership? There are two ways to do this and it depends on when you want to join. Can I leave partnership and join alpha?
What happens to my pension when I switch? More details on these can be found in Section 04 - Leaving the scheme. Opting out of alpha What is opting out? You will need to complete an opt out request form and send it to your employer. What is the process for opting out? Can I opt in to alpha? How do I opt in? You will need to complete an opt in request form and send it to your employer. What is the process for opting in?
What happens to my pension when I opt in? You start building up alpha pension. What is automatic enrolment? Section 02 - Taking control of your retirement planning General Information Planning for your retirement is important. What is taking control of my retirement planning? An overview of how alpha members can take control of their retirement planning. Added pension You can make extra payments to buy a separate additional pension that can be paid in full at the same Normal Pension Age NPA as your main alpha pension.
This is the set of decisions you can make regarding your pension. It covers things like: if and when you would like to claim it how much you can choose to pay to control how much you get the options the scheme offers to buy additional pension or change the date your pension can be paid taking your pension before or after your Normal Pension Age NPA.
How can I take control? The date you claim your pension will affect the amount of pension that you will get in two ways: The longer you stay in service and as a member of the scheme, the more alpha pension you will build up. Your pension can be reduced if you claim it before your NPA, or it can be increased if you claim it later than your NPA. How do I know how much pension I will get? I know when I want to claim my benefits and have an idea of how much pension I will have built up.
Can I do anything to change the amount of pension I will get? You can increase the pension you can get by paying more to buy: added pension. This is available to all active members, and there are no age limits a separate AVC fund that you can use to fund your retirement an EPA portion of your alpha pension that can be paid in full before your NPA.
An EPA portion of your pension builds up at the same rate as your main alpha pension, and can be paid in full before your alpha NPA. What is added pension? How can I pay for added pension? You can buy added pension by monthly contribution or a one-off, lump sum payment. What does added pension buy? As an alpha member you are able to select whether you want to purchase added pension for yourself only or for yourself and your dependants Our added pension calculator will give you an idea of the cost of buying added pension.
What is EPA? How does EPA work? You contribute to an EPA directly from your pay, in addition to your normal alpha contributions. Can I buy an EPA portion of my pension? Not everyone can buy an EPA, you must: be an active member of alpha and not have bought the maximum added pension in alpha. When can I buy an EPA portion of my pension? How much does it cost? How do I pay? How do I apply to buy an EPA portion of my pension? Can I cancel my EPA option? Your cancellation will take effect at the end of the scheme year 31 March.
What happens to the EPA portion of my pension if I cancel? What happens to the EPA portion of my pension if I leave alpha? What if I re-join alpha? Can I change my EPA option? Can I have more than one EPA option? What if I claim an EPA portion of my pension early or late?
When is the earliest I can retire? You can claim your pension from your minimum pension age. In alpha this is currently age Do I have to leave employment? What happens to my pension if I take it before my NPA? This means the pension is reduced, to take account of the extra time it is expected to be paid.
How is the adjustment worked out? The factors are worked out by the scheme actuaries, using assumptions such as life expectancy. When is the latest I can retire? What happens to my pension if I take it after my NPA? Section 03 - Life events General Information Pension scheme membership usually spans many years, and from time to time your personal circumstances can change.
This section of the guide explains how the various life events can affect your pension. This section explains: 03A.
Maternity, paternity and adoption leave How taking time off work after a new arrival affects your pension. Divorce, dissolution, and annulment Information on the ways your pension can be impacted during a divorce etc. Taking time off Sickness and career breaks and how they affect your alpha pension.
What is maternity, paternity, shared parental leave and adoption leave? Maternity, paternity and shared parental leave allow a parent to take paid time off work when their child is born Is this a pension scheme benefit?
What if I adopt a child? Am I still an alpha member when I am on maternity, paternity, shared parental or adoption leave? Would I still have to pay contributions? This includes when your pay drops to statutory pay. If your leave is unpaid, you do not receive pay, so will not have to make contributions.
How much alpha pension do I build up? Does ending my marriage or civil partnership affect my alpha pension? Who can help me understand the effect it will have on my pension? Where can I find out more? These orders are carried out using rules from the Welfare Reform and Pensions Act Attachment orders, also called earmarking orders.
This is a pension that is based on a percentage of the CETV of your pension benefits. Are there any other charges? How are benefits transferred under a pension sharing order? I am already getting my pension — what happens? What if I leave on ill-health grounds, or retire early? What happens to Attachment orders and earmarking orders when I retire? Any benefit statements you receive will indicate whether the pension debit has been deducted.
What happens to a pension sharing order when I retire? How does taking time off affect my alpha pension? This depends on the type of break it is. There are two main types, paid and unpaid. What sort of break is paid? How do these paid absences affect my pension? What sort of break is unpaid? How do these unpaid absences affect my pension? What if I am off work for an extended period of time, what happens to my pension?
How does my pension build up while I am getting sick pay? What if I work somewhere else? Section 04 - Leaving the scheme General Information Not everybody stays in the pension scheme until they retire. This section explains: 04A. Re-joining alpha after leaving How your pension could be affected if you re-join alpha after leaving.
Transferring your pension out of alpha A guide to transferring your alpha pension to another pension scheme. You can receive: a refund of your contributions less deductions; or a cash transfer sum to purchase benefits within another pension arrangement. What is a refund of contributions? This is a refund of the pension contributions that you have paid, less deductions for tax.
What is a cash transfer sum? Can I have a preserved pension instead? I transferred in a pension from another pension scheme. Does this affect anything? The transfer in will have bought you some additional alpha pension. I was buying an EPA. Does this affect my refund or transfer? I was buying added pension.
They all carry respect for the power of the things they carry. Author Tim O'Brien's purpose in writing his book The Things They Carried is to use the genre of fiction to explore the harsh realities of war and communicate them to a wider audience.
Drafted into the Army in when he was fresh out of college, Tim O'Brien was assigned to the infantry and within a year was serving in Vietnam. Kiowa's death is symbolic of the senseless tragedy of war. He dies in a gruesome way, drowning under the muck of a sewage field about which his lieutenant, Jimmy Cross, has a bad feeling. The theme is friendship, but we might as well call it "love" in The Things They Carried , because the love shared between soldiers turns out to be the strongest form of love in the book.
A true war story can be identified by the questions one asks afterward, O'Brien says. He says that in the story of a man who jumps on a grenade to save his three friends, the truth of the man's purpose makes a difference. What is the point of putting Kiowa's moccasins in the ground burying them? The point was to allow himself to physically put to rest that last strand that had him holding on to the trama. After 20 years, he was ready to let go of the guilt.
Award-winning author Tim O'Brien is best known for his fictional portrayals of the Vietnam conflict. From February to March he served as infantryman with the U. Army in Vietnam, after which he pursued graduate studies in government at Harvard University. The narrator, Tim O'Brien , describes the things all the men of the company carry. They are things in the most physical sense—mosquito repellent and marijuana, pocket knives and chewing gum. The things they carry depend on several factors, including the men's priorities and their constitutions.
The thumb symbolizes that there is no moral to war. The quote is agreeing that none of the men know why they must fight in the war, only that they must. The thumb that was cut off and given to Bowker was a reminder that the war they are fighting has no moral. Dave Jensen's rabbit foot could symbolize multiple things. He carries a rabbit foot , which is commonly known as a good luck charm, which he may or may not genuinely believe in.
He, probably, just wants that extra reassurance.
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